![]() ![]() The Jackson Laboratory was founded in 1929 as a cancer research facility. , See also animal testing, sections 1 through 3. In 2004, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reported that 92 out of every 100 drugs that successfully pass animal trials subsequently fail human trials. The fact that months or years of human studies are also required suggests health authorities do not trust the results. Following an extensive battery of animal testing, drugs generally undergo three phases of clinical trials. Thousands of rats, mice, rabbits, dogs, and primates are killed in "pre-clinical" tests for new drugs (including all ingredients and even minor differences in formulas). More relevant non-animal methods include genome-wide analysis, which uses human DNA. They also respond differently to diseases and treatments. Mice do not normally contract many of the diseases that they are used as models for. Transgenic mice have in fact been remarkably ineffective as models for human diseases. Inefficacy & criticism of animal "models" Genes are inserted into the mice in an attempt to make them more like humans. The creation of transgenic animals, like the JAX® Mice, is responsible for an explosion in numbers of animals used in U.S. The company offers a portfolio of over 1,800 targeted and 900 transgenic mutant mouse lines for various diseases with over 400 new lines are imported annually. The company sells over 4,500 varieties which are available as breeding mice, frozen embryos or DNA samples. The mice were shipped to approximately 19,000 investigators in over 900 institutions in at least 50 countries. In the fiscal year 2009, the company sold approximately 2.7 million JAX® mice. 5.1 Facility information, progress reports & USDA-APHIS reports.3 Animal welfare issues for laboratory rodents.2 Inefficacy & criticism of animal "models". ![]()
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